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Forrest River massacre
The Forrest River massacre, or Oombulgurri massacre, is a disputed account of a massacre of Indigenous Australian people by a law enforcement party in the wake of the killing of a pastoralist, which took place in the Kimberley region of Western Australia in 1926. The massacre was investigated by a Royal Commission in 1927 which subsequently determined that 11 people had been killed. Charges were brought against two officers but dismissed for lack of evidence. A local man, Lumbia, was convicted of the killing of the pastoralist Frederick Hay. The findings have recently been disputed by journalist Rod Moran, whose analysis has received some academic support while other academic historians accept that a massacre did take place but disagree over the number of victims.
==Background==
In 1921 two returned servicemen, Leonard Overheu and Frederick Hay, applied for a grant under the War Service Land Settlement Scheme. Nulla Nulla station was excised from the Marndoc Aboriginal reserve with the traditional owners, the King River Aborigines, removed and forced to live on the outskirts of Wyndham. The two men planted cotton, peanuts and kept a small herd of cattle. Hay, along with his friend James Dunnett ran the station while Overheu worked as a bookkeeper in Wyndham to provide cash flow. The first mention of Hay in the Forrest River Mission (later renamed Oombulgurri) diary was 27 May 1923 when an Aborigine reported that Hay had ambushed him and stabbed him repeatedly in the buttocks. The Rev. Ernest Gribble was later forced to assign guards whenever Hay visited the mission to prevent him from molesting the women and he wrote several complaints to the Protector of Aborigines A. O. Neville over Hay's behaviour. Another concern was that Hay had trained his dog to attack Aborigines. In January 1924 Hay seriously injured an Aborigine after hitting him over the head with his rifle butt. On 4 March he forcibly took Angelina from her husband and two weeks later mission staff informed Gribble that she was being forced to have sex with both Hay and Dunnett.〔Taking Aboriginal women as mistresses was considered acceptable and very common. It was not unknown to keep women chained to the bedpost if they objected. Dunnett was later charged with attempted murder after attacking Angelina's husband Barnabas with an axe after he visited Nulla Nulla in an attempt to claim her back. Dunnett claimed self defence and showed a gunshot wound on his leg as proof but an examination by Dr Adams found that the wound was superficial and self-inflicted. Despite several witnesses supporting the crown case Dunnett was found not guilty and Angelina was speared by her husbands’ relatives in retribution for Barnabas' injuries. Police Inspector Douglas in his report on the case to the Police Commissioner wrote: "The result was a foregone conclusion and is only an instance of the futility of taking these cases before a jury in the Kimberley. One of the jurymen ... informed me after the decision that that was the verdict that they had arranged two months previously." Quoted in Green, 1995, p. 124-125.〕
Gribble argued with Nulla Nulla over a number of issues which resulted in Sergeant Buckland arbitrating. Buckland found nothing wrong with the situation and Neville accused Gribble of being an over-protective missionary. In late 1924, Sergeant Buckland refused to renew Nulla Nulla's permit to employ Aborigines due to the "continued interference of the women" with Neville later approving the cancellation and adding a memo that, should Dunnett be employed by any other station, they would also have their permits cancelled.〔Green, 1995, p. 122-126.〕〔Losing the permit to "employ" Aborigines was a very serious penalty as the value of a property was based not only on the number of acres but also on the number of black workers because as indentured servants they legally belonged to the property. Leaving employment for any reason was punishable by up to five years' hard labour.
Tom Austin ''A Cry in the Wind: Conflict in Western Australia 1829 - 1929'' Darlington Publishing 1989 Pg 141 - 157 ISBN 0-9587106-2-7〕
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